European backbone networks (e.g., EBONE) had a similar evolution from 2 Mbps to 34 Mbps. Later that same year, NSFNET upgraded to T3 lines (45 Mbps). In 1990 NSFNET version 3 was upgraded to T1 lines (1.544 Mbps). NSFNET version 2 leased 448 Kbps fiber optic channels and IBM RS/4000s were used as routers. NSFNET was an immediate success and was overloaded from the day it started. These fuzzballs were running TCP/IP and were connected with 56 Kbps leased lines. In the NSFNET, each interconnected supercomputing site had an LSI-11 microcomputer called a fuzzball. Federal agencies have always shared the cost of common infrastructure such as peering points for interagency traffic -the Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX-E and FIX-W) were built for this purpose and have served as models for the Network Access Points (NAPs) and "*IX" facilities that are prominent features of today's Internet. Backbone and non-backbone ISPs exchange traffic at what is generally called peering points. It is typical for a large corporation to connect with one or more backbone ISPs. For Internet connectivity, at some point all non-backbone networks must connect to a backbone ISP (the highest level). Non-backbone ISPs exist solely to provide Internet access to consumers. Routers can be connected together into campus, metropolitan, or regional networks. The current Internet is a loose connection of TCP/IP networks organized into a multilevel hierarchy using a wide variety of technologies.Īt the lowest level, computers are connected to each other, and to a router, in a local area network (LAN). Finally, national backbones interconnect in a mesh with other countries, usually with international trunk lines via land, undersea, or satellite. In the United States, these backbones are linked in a small number of interconnection points. A country typically has several backbones linking all of its Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Backbone BasicsĪ backbone is a high-speed wide area network (WAN) connecting lower speed networks. Today, a single government-managed Internet backbone has been transformed into a multitude of different backbones, most of which are private commercial enterprises. National Science Foundation (NSF), linked six supercomputing centers ( University of California- San Diego, National Center for Atmospheric Research, National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Cornell University, and the John von Neumann Supercomputing Center/Princeton) and their associated regional networks in the United States in order to provide supercomputer access to scientists. Thus, the first Internet backbone, called the NSFNET because it was funded by the U.S. government realized that supercomputing was crucial to advances in science, defense, and economic competitiveness but the budget for research was insufficient to provide supercomputers for all scientists who needed them. You will get a blend of these service providers along with our own traffic and other peering connections.The first Internet backbone was invented to assist in the attempt to share supercomputers. The result is far more stable and resiliant network than what other provider that typically invest in transport platforms that keep core routing far from the customer. Our Deep Core network places major edge router platforms very close to the customer connection point. Our network architecture is far more reliable that other broadband providers. We provide Internet backbone services to many other local Internet Service Providers and larger corporate entities that need an ultra reliable network. These national networks when they have stability issues or denial of service problems. If there are any issues with these major upstream backbones, due to ACD's extensive network redundancy, we can decomission Instability on the Internet when it occurs. Our mission is to have the most stable network possible, having our network directly meshed with many other carriers allow us to ensure that we can circumvent ACD.net is highly connected to other major Internet Service Providers, thus we provide a high quality of blended Internet traffic at very cost effective rates.
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